The grammar of space in two new sign languages

Sign languages use space because they can. 1 In previous work on verb agreement in sign languages, we have discussed " the ability of a language produced in space to represent certain spatial and visual concepts iconically " (Aronoff, Meir, & Sandler, 2005). We resolved in that work what we called " the paradox of sign language morphology. " Although all sign languages that had been well studied up to that point showed a particular form of complex simultaneous non-affixal verb agreement that has no simple parallel in the morphology of spoken languages, they did not show much 'run of the mill' sequential affixal morphology. Why should a language acquire complex morphology before it acquires simple morphology, why sign languages, and why this particular sort of morphology? We argued that the agreement morphology of sign languages is based on an iconic use of space, which sign languages * Our work is supported by grants from the National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders (R01 DC 6473) and the Israel Science Foundation (#553/04). Thanks to Sara Lanseman for her help in obtaining the ISL data, and to Adi Lifshitz for her help in coding and organizing the ISL data. 1 We thank Yoav Moriah for this seminal thought. The grammar of space 2 accommodate readily, and that this iconicity is what leads to the quick development of the system. Linear affixal morphology, by contrast, is much slower to emerge and much more varied, precisely because it is not iconic. In this paper, we will focus a much finer lens on the iconically based grammatical use of space in sign languages. Specifically, we will look at the actual production of verb forms where we expect space to be used. We will compare forms produced across two or three generations of signers of two young sign languages, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL) and Israeli Sign Language (ISL). ABSL is a village sign language that has emerged in a socially insular community in the last seventy years and which we have been documenting for several years ISL has a similarly short history but it is widely used by many Deaf people in Israel of different language backgrounds. To our own surprise, the use of space in the utterances we elicited diverges quite dramatically from what we had always taken to be the norm among sign languages, in ways that we will discuss in …